Anorexia Nervosa :: essays research papers fc

Might you be able to envision being so terrified of food and the chance of putting on weight that you would really starve yourself? Food and eating are delights of regular daily existence we underestimate. Having the life of an Anorexic individual fills you with the steady dread of one thing†¦.becoming fat.      Eating issue, for example, Anorexia Nervosa are gradually grasping a piece of the female immature to youthful grown-up populace. Despite the fact that, Anorexia Nervosa has just been open since the 1970’s, records of the turmoil return similar to 1689. Thomas Morton, an English doctor, examined subjects with a confusion he called the â€Å"wasting† ailment. He had two cases, which were fundamentally the same as. One was an eight-adolescent yr. old young lady and the other was a six-high schooler yr. old kid. The two subjects had comparative side effects. The two of them had a solid absence of hunger, affectability to chilliness, and extraordinary pity. The young lady in the long run starved herself to death; be that as it may, the kid recovered (Gordon 12-13).      Through out the hundreds of years there have been numerous instances of young ladies â€Å"fasting†, and not because of strict purposes. In the 1870’s the confusion turned into a subject of increasingly clinical concern. It occurred around the time two specialists, Sir William Gull and Charles Lasegue, at the same time distributed papers on various cases managing self-starvation (Alexander-Mott &Lumsden 101-102). Gull really thought of the term Anorexia Nervosa, in light of the fact that he trusted it was an anxious malady. The two specialists note four particular qualities with each case. The entirety of the patients experienced significant levels of hyperactivity. Every one of the patients precluded the presence from claiming the confusion. Additionally, they each had exceptional perspectives toward food. At long last, every patient had neurotic family communications (Gordon 13).      Years following Gull and Lasegue’s disclosures, research proceeded on this impossible to miss issue. Shockingly for a significant stretch of time Anorexia was mistaken for Simmond’s Disease, an endocrine issue. In this way, for some time Anorexia victims were being endorsed an inappropriate prescriptions, for example, thyroid concentrates (Gordon 14). At long last, in the 1930’s the two issue were recognized.      In 1973 a lady who prepared in therapy, named Bruch, composed a book on dietary issues. Bruch had recently labored for three decades with Anorexic and fat patients. She saw that Anorexics had three primary attributes. The first was a contorted self-perception, a misperception of fat. The second was the failure to distinguish needs, especially hunger, yet in addition the entire scope of feelings. The last trademark was an inclination of inadequacy, absence of self-esteem (Matthews 30).

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market Essay

The World of Commercial Art and the International Art Market The fundamental points of this exploration are to gain a comprehension of the states of the craftsmanship showcase and to build up a basic information on the business craftsmanship world and the significant universal market. The possibility that the worldwide craftsmanship showcase is a controller in the post institute craftsmanship world has suggestions on the arrangement of costs and values in the craftsmanship showcase, because of the macroeconomic reality, political furthermore, social changes of this period. All through the nineteenth century, the Acadã ©mie des Beaux-Arts kept on creating numerous significant specialists. It lost its capacity just at the turn of the century when it neglected to recognize radical styles for example, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism. The defeat of scholastic craftsmanship additionally was hurried by monetary changes in the workmanship advertise, which incorporated the development of free shows and the advancement of private deals exhibitions. Over these years, the disrupted arrangement of money related market which the workmanship advertise turned out to be a piece of has developed into a more noteworthy inner voice of the complex conduct of the person in his The business advertise economy has been ideal for the turn of events of expressions of the human experience. Hence, as far as possible the flexibly of craftsmanship and collectibles contemplating the shopper monetary inclination. Subsequently, showcase division, division of work and specialization caused a division among high and low culture, and separate great craftsmanship from garbage workmanship. Along these lines, the craftsmanship market should choose the skilled craftsmen in a free and well off society that permits countless specialists to have more open doors getting monetarily free and to gain creative opportunity. In spite of the fact that, the pretended by the seller in the market, as social business visionary, is significant for keep up the estimation of the item. In this case, how best the worldwide workmanship market can be sorted out, what is the most ideal approach to adjust the gracefully of craftsmanship and what is the market's motivation through the separation of good workmanship from garbage workmanship. The market must confine the flexibly of craftsmanship and collectibles choosing the gifted specialists, great craftsmanship, from that point raising the overall estimation of a show-stopper. Accordingly and dependent on this announcement, this article will consider contentions for the market as the controller of the gracefully of workmanship and bring up a portion of the issues with this present market's capacity  «What is ... ...Extremely valuable: Art, Artists and Economics. (New York: Basic) HEILBRUN, J. what's more, GRAY, C.M., 1993. The Economics of Art and Culture, An American Perspective (Cambridge University Press) JEFFRI, J., 1983. Expressions Money, Raising it, Saving it and Earning it (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press) OWEN, V.L., 1979. The Effects of Mass Markets on Artistic Quality, Diary of Cultural Economics, Vol.3, no2 REITLINGER, G., 1961. The Economics of Taste, vol I, The Rise and Fall of Picture Prices, 1760-1960 (Holt: Rhinehart and Winston) ROBERTSON, I.A., 2000. The Emerging Art Markets of Great China 1989-1999 (London: City University) SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge Printers) Artist, L.P., 1988. Phenomenology and Economics of Art Markets: An Workmanship Historical Perspective, Journal of Cultural Economics, Vol.12, no1 STEIN, J.P., 1977. The Monetary Appreciation of Paintings. The Diary of Political Economy, vol.85-5. THROSBY, D., 2001. Financial aspects and Culture (New York: Cambridge College Press) Sites: www.artprice.com - - - - - [1] SAVAGE, G., 1969. The Market in Art (Kent: Tonbridge printers) p.13.

Attractive Teens Dont Have More Self-Esteem Than Peers

Attractive Teens Dont Have More Self-Esteem Than Peers More in Depression Childhood Depression Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Suicide Its widely believed that beauty and self-esteem go together, but this may not actually be the case for teens, according to a study published in The Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.?? Photographs of 230 13- to 15-year-olds were rated for facial attractiveness and compared to their levels of self-esteem over five years. They found that the adolescents who were rated as most attractive actually had lower baseline levels of self-esteem than their less-attractive counterparts. Over the course of the study, they found that for most, self-esteem increased and became more stable as the adolescents transitioned into early adulthood, especially for those who reported higher levels of education. Researchers found that girls had lower levels of self-esteem than boys overallâ€"and notably, the adolescent girls were rated as more attractive than boys. Why Attractiveness Hinders Self-Esteem The study authors offer several explanations (not explored in their study) as to why more attractive teens might have lower levels of self-esteem: Changes during puberty: They suggest that the more attractive adolescents may perceive the actual or impending changes of puberty as negatively affecting their appearance, while less attractive young adolescents may view these changes as having a positive impact on their appearance.High expectations: Its possible that peers, teachers, and parents often unconsciously expect higher levels of social functioning and academic performance from attractive children. These expectations may be overwhelming for children and create a sense of self-doubt or low self-esteem if they feel they cannot live up to other peoples expectations.Perception of attractiveness: Very simply, young adolescents may have had a different perception of their attractiveness than the research team that rated their photographs. It is likely that many factors contribute to a persons perception of attractiveness, which was not accounted for in the study. Low Self-Esteem and Depression It is thought that low or unstable self-esteem may be a vulnerability for depression. It is also known that during early adolescence when children are often going through puberty, rates of depression increase, especially in girls. One study found that low self-esteem was a predictor for depression in adolescence and young adulthood.?? This suggests that having poor self-esteem can be a risk factor for depression. Its important to know, however, that low self-esteem does not always lead to depression. Certainly, attractiveness does not always lead to depression. However, parents should be aware that a child is susceptible to low self-esteem regardless of appearance and may be especially vulnerable in early adolescence. Talk to your childs pediatrician or another mental health provider if they have low self-esteem and other signs and symptoms of depression, such as: SadnessSocial withdrawalIrritabilityFeelings of guiltAcademic declineUnexplained physical ailmentsAppetite and sleeping pattern changes Providing extra support, encouragement, and love during the sometimes trying early adolescent years can only have a positive impact on your childs development. Are Low Self-Esteem and Depression the Same Thing? How to Spot Low Self-Esteem The teen years are a time of transition and often upheaval. As kids test boundaries and explore their identity, its important for parents and guardians to watch for signs of low self-esteem. But the signs arent always easy to spot. Unfortunately, parents sometimes dismiss symptoms of low-self esteem as normal teenage behavior or adolescent moodiness. Some behaviors to watch for include: Blaming themselves, often excessively, for mistakesHaving a fear of failingAvoiding opportunitiesRefusing to try new thingsPoor social relationshipsBeing unmotivated or disinterestedAn inability to accept compliments or praiseAlways comparing themselves to othersNegative self-talkSelf-critical comments Low self-esteem can manifest in a variety of ways. Some teens may experience anger, lashing out or blaming others to avoid facing their own perceived shortcomings. Others may withdraw and avoid situations that expose them to potential failure or judgment. You know your child best. If you begin to notice patterns of behavior indicating that your teen is feeling unwanted, insecure, or unloved, look for ways to boost your childs self-esteem. Ways to Help Self-esteem takes time to develop and your teen has a whole host of influences that also contribute to their sense of personal worth. The media, friends, family members, co-workers, and their lifetime of personal experiences can all play a part in how teens feel about themselves. Fortunately, there are things that you can do to help teens develop better self-esteem. Model positive self-esteem. Negative thinking often contributes to feelings of low self-esteem. One way to combat this is to talk through things in a way that shows a more positive, healthy approach. Dont engage in negative self-talk in front of your children. Dont just tell your teen to think positive or look on the bright side. Instead, point out aspects of the situation that are a cause for positivity or pride.Talk about it. Be willing to discuss the things that your teen is dealing with. Let them know that you recognize what they are going through. Dont be dismissive or trivialize their feelings.Encourage your teen to focus on strengths. Negative thinking causes people to give too much weight to weaknesses or failures. Instead, make it a point to remind your child of their abilities and strengths. Remind them that their worth is not contingent upon their appearance. Get Help If you are concerned about your teens self-esteem or feel that it is contributing to feelings of depression, dont be afraid to talk to a doctor or mental health professional. Early intervention can provide solutions and ideas that can help improve esteem and address any underlying conditions that might be affecting your childs ability to cope and function. A Word From Verywell The teen years can be turbulent and struggles with identity and appearance can challenge how kids feel about themselves. Parents can help by making sure that their children know a persons value does not hinge on their physical attractiveness. How Teenage Depression Differs From Adult Depression

Essay on Contemporary American Class Structure - 1328 Words

Contemporary American Class Structure Social class is defined as people having the same social or economic status (Wordnet). In contemporary American society, social class is based on the amount of money and property you have and also prestige. Prestige is given to a person through the line of work or the family that they come from. For example, upper-upper class member Jennifer Lopez reeks of prestige not only because she has millions of dollars in her bank account, but she has very expensive luxuries, cars, and houses. There are four categories of class in contemporary American society: upper, middle, working and lower. Of these four categories of classes, two are subdivide. These two are: upper class and the middle class.†¦show more content†¦Of this group, about 1/3rd belongs to the upper-middle class. The annual income of person belonging to this group is $70-$75,000. The jobs that the typical upper-middle class person holds would have a prestige rating of 65 or higher. 2/3rd?s of the middle-class population is the lower-middle class. White-collared individuals make up the majority of this class, earning anywhere from $30,000 to $60,000 a year. Lower-middle class Americans have a set standard of priorities. They take pride in the fact that they are financially stable, and promote hard work, and press on education. Without education, the members feel that they would not be where they are economically, and preach the importance to their children so that they, too, can live a life style very similar to that of theirs (Norton). Working class, mostly blue-collar, makes up 20% of the American population. The average annual income is from poverty level up to $45,000. Members of this group have little to no prestige. This is partially due to the fact that their income is solely income; they do not have investments. Education was not always highly preached, but sports for boys were and still are. It is seen as a form of ?moving up? for their sons (Norton). Among all the classes, education level, wealth, income and occupation decide which class a person belongs to (W.W. Norton, Co.). To obtain wealth, incomeShow MoreRelatedThe Nuclear Family910 Words   |  4 Pageswas highly valued in the American culture during the 1950s, where romantic love was the central reason for marriage in America; however, love in modern America is not enough to make a marriage last. Likewise, the 1950s was the time for many American marriages to undergo many socioeconomic changes including the rise of the gender minority in the workplace. Due to these developments, marriage is under enormous socioeconomic pressures have given the rise to family structures such as those headed byRead MoreIs it a Good Thing to have Class-Based Political Parties?1100 Words   |  5 PagesIs it a Good Thing to have Class-Based Political Parties? 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The Social Conflict theorist will be Ralf Gustav Dahrendorf, a German sociologistRead MoreAppropriation Of A Key Text From The Past1364 Words   |  6 PagesMarshall both explore the social values of class, namely the construction of the class system and class divisions, individual independence of the female heroine in a patriarchal society and the significance of appearance and identity on the perception of one’s character. Both texts convey these values relative to their respective contexts of Victorian England and modern day American society through the transformation of the behaviour and appearance of a lower-class young woman, which subsequently allows

The Four Paradigms Of The Four Major Paradigms Of Psychology

Cultural-Contextual Literacy Assignment Zanyah Brown Sampson Community College Mrs. Arnette’s Psychology Class Fall 2017 Cultural-Contextual Literacy Assignment In this assignment, the four major paradigms of psychology are discussed. The reasoning behind the placement of the theories will be discussed thoroughly and efficiently. Each of the theories was placed on a spectrum that measured whether they were more influenced by heredity or environment. Some, as many can see, can fit into both sides of the spectrum. There are many factors that are involved in the process, and each are important variables in personality and the evolution of humanity. Four Paradigms of Psychology†¦show more content†¦Under the circumstances, there are still substantial ways that psycho-analytic theories play an important part of the nature perspective. It contains human’s emotional, developmental, defensive, and unconscious goals and processes. Social-Cognitive. Social cognitive theory was developed by Albert Bandura (1986, 2012) and other psychologists. Social cognitive theory traditionally focuses more on learning by observation and on the cognitive processes that underlie personalities (Rathus, 2015). Additionally, social cognitive theorists see people influencing their environment as much as it influences them (Rathus, 2015). They also affirm that â€Å"variables† within people are to be considered to understand them. These can include knowledge and skills, ways of interpreting experiences, and systems and plans (Bandura, 2012). This theory focuses mainly on variables and observational learning of human behavior. Furthermore, this theory was placed third on the spectrum because of its relevance to both nature, and nurture perspectives. Behavioral. Behaviorism is the scientific approach to psychology that is distinguished by logical-theoretical emphasis as is seeks to develop reasons for behavior (Moore, 2013). 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Accounting Essay 7 Free Essays

At the end of 2011, retained earnings for the Bisk Company was $1,750. Revenue earned by the company in 2011 was $2,000, expenses paid during the period were $1,100, and dividends paid during the period were $500. Based on this information alone, retained earnings at the beginning of 2011 was [pic] |[pic] |$850. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Essay 7 or any similar topic only for you Order Now | |[pic][pic] |$1,350. | |[pic] |$4,000. | |[pic] |$2,150. | GAAP† stands for [pic] [pic] |Generally Authorized Auditing Principles | |[pic] |Government Authorized Accounting Procedures | |[pic] |Generally Applied Accounting Procedures | |[pic][pic] |Generally Accepted Accounting Principles | The total equity of Timberlake Company at the beginning of 2011 amounted to $3,500. During 2011 the company reported net income of $1,800 and paid a $500 dividend. If retained earnings at the end of 2011 is $2,200, what was beginning contributed capital? [pic] |[pic] |$2,100 | |[pic] |$3,100 | |[pic] |$400 | |[pic][pic] |$2,600 | Which of the following could represent the effects of an asset source transaction on a company’s financial statements? |[pic] | [pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic][pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | The Mason Company is a manufacturer of fine home furnishings. Which term best describes Mason’s role in society? [pic] |[pic] |Regulatory Agency | |[pic][pic] |Conversion Agent | |[pic] |Consumer | |[pic] |Resource Owner | Which of the following could describe the effects of an asset exchange transaction on a company’s financial statements? [pic] | [pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic][pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | Which of the following groups has the primary responsibility for establishing generally accepted accounting principles for business entities in the United States? pic] |[pic] |U. S. Congress. | |[pic] |Internal Revenue Service. | |[pic][pic] |Financial Accounting Standards Board. | |[pic] |International Accounting Standards Board. | During 2011, Childress Company earned $800 of cash revenue, paid $400 of cash expenses, and paid a $200 cash dividend to its owners. Based on this information alone, [pic] |[pic] |net income amounted to $400. | |[pic] |total assets increased by $200. | |[pic][pic] |cash inflow from op erating activities was $400. | |[pic] |all of these are correct. Dividends paid by a company are shown on the [pic] |[pic] |income statement. | |[pic][pic] |statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. | |[pic] |statement of cash flows. | |[pic] |both b and c. | Asset use transactions always involve the payment of cash. [pic] |[pic][pic] |True | |[pic] |False | The Sarbanes-Oxley Act includes several significant reforms that affect the auditing profession, but it did not reduce an audit firm’s ability to provide non-audit services to its audit clients. [pic] |[pic] |True | [pic][pic] |False | Which of the following is not a common feature of ethical misconduct? [pic] |[pic] |The capacity to rationalize. | |[pic] |The presence of an opportunity. | |[pic] |The existence of pressure leading to an incentive. | |[pic][pic] |The existence of a strong system of internal controls. | After closing, only balance sheet accounts have non-zero balances. [pic] |[pic][pic] |True | | [pic] |False | After closing, only balance sheet accounts have non-zero balances. [pic] |[pic][pic] |True | [pic] |False | Policies and procedures designed to reduce the opportunities for fraud are often called: [pic] |[pic][pic] |internal controls | |[pic] |accounting principles | |[pic] |asset source transactions | |[pic] |financial systems | Aaronson Company experienced an accounting event that affected its financial statements as indicated below:   [pic] Which of the following accounting events could have caused these effects on ABC’s statements? [pic] |[pic] |Recognized accrued salaries owed to employees. | |[pic][pic] |Earned revenue on account. | |[pic] |Issued common stock. | |[pic] |Purchased equipment on account. | The ethical standards for certified public accountants simply require that such accountants comply with applicable laws and regulations. [pic] [pic] |True | |[pic][pic] |False | Which of the following is not a component of the fraud triangle? [pic] |[pic] |Rationalization | |[pic] |Pressure | |[pic] |Opportunity | |[pic][pic] |Trust | The purpose of the accrual basis of accounting is to: [pic] |[pic] |Improve the company’s earnings per share. | |[pic][pic] |Report revenue when received. | |[pic] |Improve the matching of revenue and expense in the proper period. | |[pic] |Report expenses when cash disbursements are made. | A liability account normally has a debit balance. [pic] |[pic] |True | |[pic][pic] |False | The financial statement ratio that may be of greatest interest to a company’s stockholders is the amount of its return on equity. pic] |[pic][pic] |True | |[pic] |False | A high value of the debt to asset ratio may indicate that a company has a high level of debt risk. [pic] |[pic][pic] |True | |[pic] |False | Which of the following errors would cause the debit side of a trial balance to be larger than the credit side? [pic] |[pic] |Revenue earned on account was recorded with a debit to Cash and a credit to Revenue. | |[pic] |Purchase of supplies on account was recorded with a credit to Suppl ies and a debit to Accounts Payable. |[pic][pic] |Land purchased with cash was recorded with a debit to the Land account and a credit to Accounts Payable. | |[pic] |None of these. | The Armstrong Corporation recorded a business event using T-accounts as follows:   [pic] Which of the following reflects how this event affects the company’s financial statements? |[pic] | [pic] [pic][pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | When a company receives cash in advance from a customer, it should debit Cash and credit Accounts Receivable. [pic] |[pic] |True | |[pic][pic] |False | The left side of a T-account is known as the: [pic] [pic] |Claims side | |[pic][pic] |Debit side | |[pic] |Credit side | |[pic] |Equity side | Debits decrease asset accounts. [pic] |[pic] |True | |[pic][pic] |False | Double entry accounting requires that every entry must include at least one debit and at least one credit. pic] |[pic][pic] |True | |[pic] |False | KMR Company provided repai r service of $2,800 to a customer who paid $1,300 and promised to pay the remainder next month. Which of the following journal entries correctly records this transaction? [pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic][pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | |[pic] |[pic] | How to cite Accounting Essay 7, Essays

The Mandrake Monologue Essay Example For Students

The Mandrake Monologue Essay A monologue from the play by Niccolo Machiavelli NOTE: This monologue is reprinted with the author\s permission. All inquiries should be directed to the author at: [emailprotected] TIMOTEO: I\m the arbiter of justice. The voice of God. Ordained on this earth, placed here by our Lord Jesus Christ himself, to decide what is good and what is evil. I know what goes on out there. I hear it every day. You don\t know. You\ve never seen the real thing. You have nothing to compare. No point of reference. You look at this thing we\ve asked you to do, and you think: oh, that\s evil. Somebody dies. Murder. Bad. But I look, and you know what I see? Do you want to guess? Good. I see: good. Because I\m looking at the big picture. The outcome. The end result. I\m not caught up in the minutiae. I can see what\s really at stake. I mean, we\re talking about a child. A living, breathing human being that will depend on you for everything. For life. For understanding. It will be your God-given responsibility to lead this child in the path of righteousness. To make him a soldier for God almighty. What a gift you can give Him! The Holy Father! From your own body! Can you think of anything more miraculous? And if someone has to die to bring about this miracle, so be it. People have died before. It\s not the first time. There are plenty of sinners clogging the streets. Drug dealers. Pedophiles. Rapists. We\ll find someone who won\t be missed. Someone who deserves to go. A degenerate. We\re making the world a better place. Cleaning it up. Washing away the stain of one sinner and replacing it with goodness and light. An innocent soul. A child of Christ. Yours to shape and mold. What do you say? Is there anything evil in that?

Magners and Its Positioning in the Market Current Issues and the Prognoses for the Future

Introduction: The Importance of Positioning Among the most important elements of successful marketing, a correct positioning of a certain goods has the most powerful impact on the company revenues and the rates of the product selling. Therefore, it is of utter importance for such brand as Magners to be positioned in the correct manner and with the maximum efficiency so that people could purchase the given product more frequently.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Magners and Its Positioning in the Market: Current Issues and the Prognoses for the Future specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, analyzing the current positioning of the product in the market, one can claim that the positioning strategy requires certain corrections. Tracking the peculiarities of Magners positioning in the market, one can comment on the issue and provide a better strategy for the product positioning, thus increasing the revenues and th e popularity of the brand. With the help of the segmentations based on a number of issues, such as gender segmentation, income segmentation, or psychographic segmentation (Kotler, Wong, Saunders, 2008, p. 144), one can achieve considerable success in promoting the Magners cider. Is Magners Cider Strong Enough? The Competitors Considering the competitors that Magners is currently facing in the world market, one can infer that the product does have to stand considerable contest in the sphere of cider production. There is no doubt that currently, the cider is one of the leading trademarks in the sphere. However, according to the recently obtained data, the position that the cider takes is rather unstable, since the company has to face a number of competitors and encounter considerable obstacles. According to the recently obtained data, one can claim that the current positioning of the brand is quite strong, which is based mostly on the innovative approach of the company: Disparaged by the industry experts, a year after launch alcopops were selling 1000 millions a year. Nevertheless, 10 years later and the cider market was experiencing a boom with a 23 per cent increase in sales in 2006 alone (a trend predicted to last into the late 2000s). Dubbed the ‘Magners Effect’ (the brand grew by 225 per cent in 2006), this attributed to a ‘step change in consumer attitudes.’ (Hooley, Saunders, Piercy, Nicolaud, 2008, p. 287) Therefore, it is obvious that, in the light of the obvious competition, one must come up with the original positioning strategy. Emphasizing the specifics of the product, one can achieve high popularity of Magners and surpass such competitors as Gaymers. In addition, it is important to take the consumer’s demands into consideration.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Magners and Consumer’s Behaviour: By t he Grapevine According to what Arnold (2010) says, the current trend in promoting Magners relies considerably on consumer’s attitudes towards the traditions and the sprit of the Irish legends. Creating a cocoon of myths around the product, the company seems to have achieved an impressive result. In addition, the company has made a successful use of the word â€Å"time:† â€Å"Using ‘time’ as a theme it emphasizes the time it takes to make† (p. 205). Moreover, the company also insists on the specific Irish origin of the drink, as it has already been mentioned, which is supposed to entice the target audience. However, it is important to mark that the company at the same time neglects certain moral issues: â€Å"there are no claims about organic apples or fair trade,† (205) Arnold (2010) explains. Therefore, the producers of the cider rely on the consumers’ enthusiasm of the Irish myths and the taste of the product itself. Magners Positio ning: Affecting the Marketing Mix. Or not? It is essential that the marketing mix of Magners is greatly influenced by the positioning. Considering the current positioning of the product, one can deduce that the marketing mix of the product has been slightly improved and is now addressing the needs of the customer: â€Å"the marketing mix inputs (now five P’s of price, place, promotion, product and packaging) are adapted and focused upon the consumer† (Breen, 2006, p. 3) Recommendations and Reasoning Considering the current Magners positioning in the UK, one can claim that the company is being rather successful (Breen, 2006). However, it is worth mentioning that the company requires to draw not only the customer show are interested in the specific Irish origin of the drink, but also attract a wider range of people. Therefore, it is essential to consider the existing legend closer and, taking into account the common delight about the organic products (Arnold, 2010), one could also inform the customers about the natural origin of the cider ingredients more insistently. Conclusion: Magners Positioning and the Future Benefits Considering the above-mentioned, one can claim that one of the most reasonable and the most important steps for the company to promote Magners at present is to maintain the idea of pure Irishness about the drink, thus, creating a legend that can serve as the attraction for the clientele. Thus, the customers ill have the opportunity not only to enjoy the drink, but also touch upon Ireland and feel Irish for a moment. However, it is necessary to mark that Magners need to mention in their legend that the drink is made of only organic ingredients and, hence, has the most favorable effect on the consumers’ health.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Magners and Its Positioning in the Market: Current Issues and the Prognoses for the Future specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page L earn More Appendix A: Positioning Map Legend/Company Position Product Origin Health Issues Magners Current Moderate Moderate Future Low High Gaymers Current High Low Future Moderate Low Judging by the positioning map, the change of the product positioning is to take place. Hence, the product popularity is increased. Therefore, Magners will be able to stay the leading company in cider production. References Arnold, C., 2010. Ethical marketing and the new consumer. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Breen. M., 2006. Never ending story: The rise and rise of Bulmers. Bulmers Quark.  22 Jan. Hooley, G.J., Saunders, A.J., Piercy, N.F., Nicolaud, B., 2008. Marketing strategy  and competitive positioning. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Wong, V., Saunders, J., 2008. Principles of marketing.  5th Ed. Upper Saddle River: Harlow: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Ch. 9. This report on Magners and Its Positioning in the Market: Current Issues and the Prognoses for the Future was written and submitted by user Madilyn Short to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Causes and Stages of Cancer The WritePass Journal

Causes and Stages of Cancer Introduction Causes and Stages of Cancer IntroductionLiterature ReviewReferenceRelated Introduction The World Heath Organisation (2011) estimates that without intervention 84 million people will die from cancer between 2005 and 2015. In 2008 156,723 people died in the UK alone of malignant neoplasm and 1 in 3 people will be diagnosed with the disease in their lifetime. There were 12.7 million new cases diagnosed worldwide in the same year which led to 7.6 million deaths.   (Cancer Research UK, 2011). There are over 200 different types of cancer but lung, breast, prostate and colorectal account for over 50% of cancer cases. The percentage of deaths caused by cancer varies by region with 4% in Africa, 12% in Asia, 19% in Europe, 21% in Oceania and 23% in North America (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Cancer is used to define the group of diseases in which extensive cellular proliferation occurs alongside the invasion of surrounding tissues. Cancer cells can spread through the body via the blood and lymph systems and ultimately cause death of multi-cellular organisms (National Cancer Institute, 2010). Cancer is caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations which leads to instability of genetic regulators and alters gene expression. Cancer represents not a single disease but a group of heterogeneous diseases that share the fundamental biological characteristics of immortalisation, invasion, genetic instability, erratic differentiation and uncontrolled proliferation (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 2008). Despite advances in detection and treatment of metastatic cancer, specifically breast, mortality rates still remain high because current therapies are limited by the emergence of therapy resistant cancer cells (Al-Hajj, et al, 2003). It has been documented that tumorous cells possess key stem cell characteristics such as high migration, self-renewal, drug resistance and extensive differentiation which leads to the production of a heterogeneous population. Tissue specific cells are able to self-renew and produce differentiated and functional cells within an organ. These differentiated cells are short lived and are produced from a small pool of long lived stem cells which lasts throughout the organism’s lifetime (Seo, 2007). Stem cells are essential for tissue development, replacement and repair however their longevity means they are susceptible to the accumulation of genetic damage and thereby providing a growth route for cancer recurrence following treatment (Clarke, 2005). Dean, Fojo and Bates (2005) suggest that cancer stem cells can survive chemotherapy and sustain the re-growth of a malignant tumour. Therefore if cancer stem cells are present in a tumour then they must be targeted in order to achieve a cure. Prospectively identifying cancer stem cells will allow investigation of the pathways and key molecules that can be targeted to eliminate these malignant cells (Clarke Fuller, 2006). There have been many studies which imply the existence of a sub-population of cells within tumours termed cancer stem cells which drive tumourgenesis. This paper therefore aims to isolate and characterise different sub-populations of cancer stem cells through physiological stress in human and murine models (DLD-1 and CT-26 respectively). There has been extensive evidence that CD133 and CD44 are reliable cancer stem cell markers therefore it can be hypothesised that CD133 and CD44 positive cells would demonstrate resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. This statement formed the basis of the protocol developed by Sharma (2010) where the novel technique of exposing parental cancer cells to the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin in-vitro to isolate cells resistant to drug exposure.   The resulting cells will them be characterised by their ability to form spheroids and the performance of Q-PCR, immunofluorescence and western blotting to identify the presence of the CD133, CD44 and CD26 specif ic cancer stem cell markers. The ultimate aim is then perform microarray on parental and cancer stem cell populations to compare the difference in gene expression of the two populations. Literature Review On a cellular level cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell proliferation which enables abnormal growth leading to cancerous tumours. Just 5-10% of cancer cases can be attributed to genetic defects whereas the remaining cases (in order of influence) are a result of environmental factors such as diet, tobacco, infections, obesity, alcohol, radiation, stress and physical activity (Anand, et al, 2008). These factors lead to tumour growth as they induce DNA alterations or loss of the ability to repair DNA damage which deregulates standard gene expression (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 1998). Carcinogenesis is the term used to define the creation of cancer by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells. This is due to the accumulation of genetic mutations and the resultant misbalance in cell death and proliferation (King Robins, 2006). Cell production is a complicated process which is kept in apoptosis via cell regulation by numerous classes of genes including oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 1998). Carcinogenesis occurs when there is a genetic mutation which upsets the normal balance between cell death and proliferation. The multi-step process is driven by the accumulation of genetic alterations which gives rise to highly malignant derivatives which have the ability to elude apoptosis, invade tissues and possess unlimited potential for replication (Hanahan and Weinberg, 2000). The inheritance of a defective gene itself is not sufficient for development of cancer. Cancer manifests from the accumulation of additional somatic mutation s which occur as a result of imperfect DNA replication or DNA damage caused by environmental mutagens. Genes that, when mutated, lead to cancer predisposition normally have the function of suppressing tumourgeneis. If one allele of such gene mutates in the germ line then the cell still has the product of the wild type as a back up. If a mutation occurs in the wild type then the cell has no functional suppressor gene product remaining. The cell therefore proliferates abnormally leading to clonal expansion. Cells of proliferating clones are likely to accumulate another mutation resulting in further loss of growth control. As gradual clonal expansion takes place a tumour evolves. Oncogenes and cell suppressor cells control cell proliferation, a mutation here leads to the cells to become continually active. Caretaker genes control rates of mutation, defective caretakers therefore acquire mutations (Vogelstein and Kinzler, 1998). The three stages of carcinogenesis are promotion, proliferation and progression. Changes in the genomes structure occur across all three of the stages of neoplasm development. Additionally changes in gene expression take place at cell promotion with selective proliferation of mutation cells. Apoptosis and cell proliferation occur at different rates but still maintain a balance during initiation and promotion but during progression the balance alters and a malignancy arises as seen in figure 1 (Oliveira, 2007). The fundamental progression features of malignancies are invasion and metastasis and it is these traits which distinguish between normal and cancerous cells. Metastasis is characterised as the migration of cancer cells from the site of origin to a secondary point through the lymphatic system, connective tissues and blood supply. At this secondary point the cells then continue to invade and form new tumours (Hanahan, 2000). Cancer immunoediting has been described as the conflicting action of the immune system to protect the host from cancer development through immunosurveillance and promote tumour growth by the promoting action of immunity (Smyth, Gunn and Schreiber, 2006). The interaction of the innate and adaptive anti-cancer immunity dictates the intensity of the outcome of the endogenous anti-cancer response. Stress induced molecules on tumour cells initiates the innate response and presentation and processing of tumour associates antigens leads to an adaptive response. Both of these responses can affect the tumour in different ways. The endogenous reaction could suppress tumour formation whilst at the same time exerting a selection pressure leading to the emergence of escape variants. Additionally the host’s immune response could directly promote tumour growth, invasion and metastasis via elaboration of inflammatory mediators and cytokines. There is a complex network of interactions between tumour cells, immune elements and stromal components in the microenvironment (Jinushi and Dranoff, 2007). However currently only the capability of the immune system to identify and kill cancer cells forms the basis of therapeutic strategies and immunotherapy (Schulz, 2005). Modifications in immunotherapy protocols have been proposed to lessen the effect cancer and improve the therapeutic value of immunological approaches by targeting the elimination of cancer stem cells (Lepisto, McKolanis Finn, 2007). Stem cells originate from the haematopoietic tissue and can be characterised by the unlimited capacity to self renew, which is the result of increases telomere activity (Huntly Gilliand, 2005) and the ability to terminally differentiate into one or more cell types, which is regulated by a niche signalling pathway system (Spradling, Drummond-Barbosa Kai, 2001). The capacity of stem cells to form differentiated offspring is described in terms of their differentiation potential (Friel, Van der Sar Mee, 2005). Totipotent cells have the ability to construct a complete organism, pluripotent cells are descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into almost all cells, multipotent cells differentiate into a specific family of cells, oligopotent cells differentiate into lymphoid and myeloid cells and omnipotent cells are only able to produce their own cell type but have the ability of self renewal which distinguishes them from other non-stem cells (Knoepffler, Schipanski Sorgner, 2007). The differentiation of stem cells is regulated by a niche signalling pathway system (Spradling et al, 2001). It has been suggested that cancer stem cells are displaced due to lack of heritable changes in phenotype and genetic alteration leading to an absence in cancer however when stem cells were placed in defective tissue they induced tumour growth (Clarke Fuller, 2006). Charafe-Jauffret, Monville and Ginester (2008) clarify the existence of cancer stem cells which possess tumorgenic, self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation abilities. Cancer stem cells are defined as a sub-population of cells in a tumour capable of generating phenotypically assorted cells (Gao, 2007). This petite population is accountable for the relapse of tumour growth, progress and invasion after treatment (Clarke Fuller, 2008). Although the concept that germ cells are responsible for oncogenesis has existed since 1855 the first conclusive evidence of cancer stem cell existence was that by Bonnet and Dick (1997) who isolated a CD34+/CD38 sub-population of leukemic cells which were capable of initiating tumours in NOD/SCID mice histologically similar to the donor. The cancer stem cell hypothesis states that the cancer initiating cell is a transformed tissue stem cell which retains the property of self protection through the activity of multiple drug resistant transporters. This drug resistant cell then remains at a low frequency amongst a tumour mass (Donndenberg Donndenberg, 2005). The cancer stem cell theory points to a new era of cancer res earch and is expected to yield alternative cancer treatments. It is now evident that tumours include cancer stem cells which can be isolated by antigenic markers and have the potential to develop into non-adherent spheroids (Wright et al, 2008).   This concept has challenged the previous hypothesis that carcinogenesis is a result of ‘clonal evolution’ where every cell present in a tumour is capable of proliferating and forming new tumours (Max et al, 2006). Cancer stem cells have similar properties to stem cells such as similar molecular mechanisms and physiological trafficking which implies that cancer stem cells are a result of consecutive accumulated mutations in embryonic stem cells (Kucia Ratajckzak, 2006). This is supported by the correlation seen in the signalling pathways associated with maintenance of ‘stemness’ in embryonic cells and cancer pathways. These pathways such as JAK/STAT, Notch, MAPK/ERK, P13k/AKT, NF-GB and Wnt are not only involved in stem cell renewal governing proliferation but also express key molecules associated with malignant phenotypes which leads to tumour growth (Dreesen Brivanlou, 2007). It has therefore been deduced that normal stem cells are transformed into cancer stem cells via mutations in suppressor genes and oncogenses and mutations in repair genes and histone modifications (Costa, et al, 2006). Embryonic stem cells are dependent on the specialised microenvironment in which they reside. This niche prevents tumorgenesis by supplying signals to inhibit differentiation and proliferation. Additional signals are also provided to allow stem cell promotion, self-renewal or differentiation when necessary (Scadden, 2006). Stem cells are dependent on this niche for survival alternatively cancer stem cells do not appear to be dependant on this niche in the same way. Some believe that cancer stem cells have evolved to escape the control of a local environment whereas an additional theory suggests the cells do reside in a niche which has undergone changes itself which encourages cell growth (Burness Sipkins, 2010). Cancer stem cells are thought to evolve from an intrinsic mutation leading to self-sufficient proliferation and deregulation as the cancer cell overtakes the molecular machinery used by normal stem cells (Li Neaves, 2006). These tumour initiating cells are the source of recu rring tumours in many types of cancer (Foltz et al, 2009). Cancer stem cells make up less than 5% of a tumour and have been found in blood-borne, brain, breast, ovarian and colon cancers (National Cancer Institute, 2010). These cells are highly resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy and in order to develop successful therapy it is essential to identify the cell surface markers unique to cancer stem cells and interpret their signalling pathways, figure 2 (Foltz et al, 2009). Figure 2: The impact of cancer stem cells on tumour growth and response therapy. A: Subset of cells within the tumour has the ability to replicate and sustain tumour growth. TA cell is suspected to be responsible for a majority of tumour growth and is susceptible to cancer therapy. Cancer stem cells give rise to identical immortal daughter cells. B: Possible outcome of targeting tumour cancer stem cells verses present cancer therapy techniques which do not affect cancer stem cells (Houghton et al, 2007). The developmental concept of cancer denotes the presence of a hierarchy of cells within a tumour which refers to the differences of cancer cells within a tumour where all cells do not express the same antigens. Additionally functional assays show that only a specific sub-population of cells within a tumour can propagate tumour growth. It appears that cancer cells capable of tumour growth are able to self-renew as well as generate cells which cannot propagate tumour growth (Cho Clarke, 2008). Cancer stem cells have therefore developed the ability for self-renewal and differentiation into a heterongenous population as well as the tumour related properties of uncontrolled growth and ability to form metastasis (Dalerba, et al, 2007). The ability that cancer stem cells share with stem cells to renew has changed perspectives leading to new approaches to treating the disease (Li and Neaves, 2006). Cancer stem cells show resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy making them a crucial target for treatment, it is therefore essential to identify the markers present on these cells in order to therapeutically target them (Foltz, et al, 2009). Current therapeutic strategies attempt to target cancer stem cells and its microenvironment whereas Tang, Ang Pervaiz (2007) identified a novel approach of targeting the reactive oxygen species in a cancer stem cell which would facilitate apoptotic death over proliferation. Additionally the development of monoclonal antibodies to recognise cancer stem cell markers would allow for more efficient destruction of these tumour forming cells (Okamoto Perez, 2008). The use of immunocompromised mouse model have shown to reliably capulate the molecular, biological and clinical features of the human disease. With such models defining the stages of tumour development, homogenised breeding and environmental conditions. This has therefore led to the development of the concept that plasma from genetically modified cancer models contains tumour derived proteins that may be relevant in the development of markers for human cancer (Kuick, et al, 2007). There are numerous studies which cites the use of immuno-comprised mice as vehicles for cancer stem cell isolation. Mouse models have been established as highly trusted in the development of human cancer treatment through verify the cancer stem cell extent of a tumour. This has been achieved by the opening and repetitive tumour progression in immuno-compromised SCID mice (Laurie, et al, 2007). http://tpx.sagepub.com/content/38/1/62.full.pdf+html Current developed methods to isolate ‘adult’ stem cell populations includes collection of different hematopoietic cells populations staining with the antibodies of interest and sorting by magnetic bead and/or fluorescence activated cell sorters (FACS) followed by in vivo transplant experiments. This allows for the development of understanding of fundamental hematopoietic stem cell characteristics of differentiation and the ability of the cells to give rise to others cells with the same potential for proliferation whilst still maintaining the stem cell pool Cho Clarke, 2008). Additional characterisation of cancer stem cells can be carried out by identifying gene expression and cell markers via immunofluorescence, western blotting and Q-PCR. It has been stated that an immature cell population can be characterised by surface markers CD34+ and CD38+ in AML and that these markers suggest the ability of initiating tumour development (Bonnet Dick 1997). Furthermore the use of a low-adherent growth environment can be used to produce spheroids from tumorgenic cells as a basis of isolation of cancer stem cells (Grange, et al, 2008) As it has been identified that a small minority of cells present in a tumour has the ability to form new tumours. It is therefore possible to distinguish between tumorgenic and non-tumorgenic cells based on the cell surface marker expression. Al-Hajj, et al (2003) were able to isolate breast cancer cells expressing CD44+ and CD24 lineage in as few as 100 cells with tumorgenic capabilities and identified hundreds of thousands of cells with a different phenotype which failed to form new tumours. Furthermore passaging the CD44+ and CD24 lineage led to the creation of phenotypically diverse populations. Sherman, et al (2011) also identified CD133 expression correlated with prognosis of oligodendroglial and astrocytic tumors and here immunofluorescence provided an effective and reproducible assay for identifying markers present in ca ncer stem cells. Fundamentally cancer is resistant to treatment because malignant cells survive chemotherapy, CD133 positive cancer stem cells display strong compatibility with tumours resistant to chemotherapy (Liu, et al, 2006). The use of immunofluorescence to characterise cancer stem cells has been used in a great deal of cases especially where total cell count is reduced CD44+ and CD24+ can be used for markers of colorectal cancer stem cells. CD44/CD24 cells are enriched for spheroid colonies and can reform all four CD44/CD24 subpopulations (Yeung, Wilding Bodmer, 2009). Additionally a population of CD26+ cells present in a sub-population of colorectal cancer stem cells led to the development of distant metastasis when injected into a mouse cecal wall. These CD26+ cells were also associated with enhanced invasiveness and chemoresistance (Pang, et al, 2010). Lgr-5 has also been identified as a key marker expressed in cancer stem cells of colorectal cancer associated with the activation of the Wnt signalling pathway which plays a key role in cancer development (Takahashi, et al, 2010). The first report indicating the difference in gene expression of cancer cells exhibiting cancer stem cell properties and those which did not was published in 2007 by Seo, et al. Amongst the 61 differently expressed genes 12 genes were considered up-regulated in the sub-population whereas 49 were downgraded validation of these gene expressions was validated using quantitative real time reverse transcriptase PCR. It was found that genes related to drug resistance such as AKR1C1/C2 and NR0B1, or cancer metastasis (TM4SF1) were up-regulated. Further more the up-regulated gene ABCG2 could be of use as an indicator for sorting. AKR1C has been identified as a catalyst of metabolic reduction and either activates or inactivates several xenobiotics. The public database (Gene expression Omnibus) has shown significant up-regulation in expression of AKR1C1 in smokers. Reference AL-HAJJ, M., et al. 2003. Prospective identification of tumorgenic breast cancer cells. 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Discovery of cancer biomarkers through the use of mouse models. Cancer Letters, 249(1), pp. 40-48.

Chandra Levy Case and Analytical Errors Term Paper

Chandra Levy Case and Analytical Errors - Term Paper Example The Chandra Levy case had all the makings of a sensational Greek tragedy – a Representative who apparently was a womanizer and was suspected by many of being a cold-blooded murderer; a pretty, young, naà ¯ve woman from a well-to-do background, who had been having an affair with the United States Representative, and was now missing; incessant leaks from the police force; rumors of Chandras pregnancy, which supposedly gave Condit â€Å"motive† for killing her; and a sensational sit-down interview with Connie Chung that garnered enormous ratings and made Condit look guiltier than ever, due to his evasive answers and arrogant demeanor. The media went wild, and the general public, fueled by the media and prosecutors in the case, â€Å"knew† that Condit was guilty. In the end, there were two casualties – Chandra Levy and Condits career. Both were dead. This was the shameful result of an out-of-control media and prosecutors who were focused on Condit to the expense of all other theories and suspects. As it turned out, an El Salvadoran immigrant is highly suspected of Chandras murder, an immigrant that had been attacking women in the very park where Chandra went before the disappeared, allegedly to meet Condit for a romantic rendezvous that ended with her murder. This last piece of information proved to be inaccurate, or, at the very least, the product of lurid speculation. Condit may have been a lot of things – a womanizer and phony are two pejoratives that come to mind – but he was not a murderer, despite what the media sought to portray. These are the facts of the case. There is no question that the focus of the investigation, in the eyes of the media, prosecutors and public, was on Condit. The question that has not been answered is why? Why didnt the media and prosecutors seize on the possibility that a man who had been attacking women in the park, during the period of time that Chandra went missing, could have been the

Domestic Violence Against Women Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Domestic Violence Against Women - Research Paper Example This paper talks about women and children that are in great danger of abuse in the societies where they should obtain maximum protection. The persons expected to bring up the members of the family and provide the necessary care and protection are becoming bully and source of threat to other member’s life. The victims are unable to make their own decisions or voice their opinions because of fear for further consequence. They don’t receive their human rights and their lives are stolen by the ever-present threat and violence. The society needs to address a number of issues that concern the prevention of abuse of females and spread of AIDS among the same. Promoting and protecting the rights of the women in the various aspects of life such as education, employment opportunities, and balancing of power in relationship can reduce violence upon women. Promoting the rights of women enhances their status in the society and protects them from violence. Transforming gender roles can also be an effective method of protecting persons against violence and AIDS prevalence. The society should change the perception where the women should be innocent and submissive when it comes to sexual matters. Challenging harmful gender roles can prevent the spread of HIV and violence against the females. Another effective method of reducing the rates of violence among the female gender is through increasing education and awareness among all society members. Educating a girl child makes her aware of his rights, thus she is less vulne rable to getting exposure to violence and abuse.

LOreal Strategic Management Change

LOreal Strategic Management Change 1. INTRODUCTION. During the last years the organizations have been going through a process of expanding their barriers to reach new markets across the globe, this process in known as globalization, this describes the process by which societies, cultures, and economies happen to be integrated creating a massive market all over the world in which different companies can be part of. The following report was made upon LOreal analyzing how every acquisition made by the company was a fundamental part to become the leader and biggest cosmetic company in the beauty industry, how did they enter the US market by acquiring the main US brands at that particular time, and finally it will analyze their implemented strategies and market challenges showing how new strategic partners can make possible growth through globalization. The centre of attention of the report will be focused on the internal and external influences to LOreal, and how globalization could affect policies and decisions made by the company. LOreal was created by Eugene Schueller in France 1907 and named after his first product LAureole, the aim of this French chemist was to create the first synthetic hair-color product ever made and then start selling it within France and perhaps some parts of Europe, however, as the time goes by, LOreal positioned as the leader in European hair color market and skin care, but this wasnt good enough for them, as they wanted to reach new markets as the American, and Asian, therefore, LOreal made certain acquisitions, as well as the implementation of new market strategies and corporate strategies to successfully reach their goals. 1.1 SWOT ANALYSIS THEORY. Now the first part of the report will be focused on the primary internal and external influences that the company is subject to, to be able to analyze this influences, I would like to use the SWOT analysis which is a strategic planning method to identify the internal and external factors that are contributing or retaining the company to achieve their goals, The strengths and weaknesses refer to the company and its products whereas the opportunities and threats are usually taken to be external factors over which the company has no control. SWOT analysis involves understanding and analysing the strengths and weaknesses and identifying threats to the business as well as opportunities in the marketplace. Once that is done, we can then attempt to exploit strengths, overcome the weaknesses, grasp the opportunities and defend the organization against threats. This is one of the most important parts of the planning process. SWOT analysis asks the questions that will enable you to decide whet her your company and the product will really be able to fulfil your plan and what the constraints will be.[1] 1.2 STRENGTHS. LOreal has gone through different types of management from their creator, to the CEO Owen Jones, Jones management style has brought to the company a revolution from a French based cosmetic company to a world leader in the cosmetic industry, LOreal main ability is to acquire local cosmetic brands (Ralph Lauren Fragrances, Helena Rubinstein)[2] re-arrange their operational strategy and finally place them in a better location among the competitors, their brand management has been a massive tool to position LOreal in the place they are, as every single product and brand they manage is aiming to an specific segment of the different markets, rather than placing their products indiscriminately as every market has a different demand to be supplied. Another strength of LOreal that can be clearly identified is their patent desire to invest in Research and Development, with this we can assure that LOreal is an organization that is looking forward to implement the latest technology in all their products so that they can efficiently satisfy all their customer needs. They spent and average of 3% of their revenue in R D, when the average of the industry is less than 2%[3], LOreal is aware that in the days we live in, any advance in technology represents a competitive advantage and subsequently thats the best manner to own a market. LOreal has also shown their strength when it gets to marketing campaigns as they know that in order to be successful internationally you must be flexible and able to adapt to new environments, and to be more specific you must e able to produce exactly what a customer is demanding, which is the case of Savannah-Based Carson, which had a 35% share of the US ethnic hair care market and established presence in South Africa, this market has an estimated value of 1 billion dollars, according to LOreals product manager â€Å"You cant pretend to be No 1 in the world and forget about 1 billion consumers of African origin†[4] 1.3 WEAKNESSES. Now to look at the weaknesses of the company, even with the success of the globalization impact, LOreal havent done so much to diversify their products, rather than that, they have focused all their efforts in developing products for the main areas the work on (hair, skin, make up, and perfume). With the US brands acquisition, LOreal split into 3 main product divisions, consumer, professional, and luxury, in his objective to be the world leader in the beauty industry, CEO Jones has focused his efforts on the consumer brands as they are easier to retail, and relatively less expensive therefore is not that hard to build up a reliable data base, however the other 2 areas are very important as well an eventually if they focused their efforts on improving either one or even both of them the response may be positive and subsequently they will be able to reach a bigger portion of the market.[5] Another weakness of the company, and is commonly seen in this kind of organizations is the decentralized organizational structure, with this I am referring to the flow of information and control of the company due to many subdivision, this could affect the production level of the company because of the need of giving reference the other members of the board and directors of the company. 1.4 OPORTUNYTIES. Due to the good performance of LOreal, they have had certain opportunities which they knew how to use, for example the market in Africa, as they had the vision to recognize the enormous potential of this market, now LOreal is the leader of this segment, which wasnt very attractive to the competitors, at the first stage because they didnt know that people in Africa may be interested in this sort of products which lead them to lose interest for this segment and as a consequence LOreal settle down as the leader of the industry by implementing their acquiring strategy along with specific marketing strategies, basically, LOreal realized that the main thing to take over Africa was to develop a product which completely satisfy the population , due to this, LOreal invest in a multi million dollar research and development facility in Chicago to focus exclusively on the hair and skin needs of the people of African-American descent.[6] As stated before another big opportunity for LOreal to grow is to focus more on their line of dermocosmetics (anti-aging), as this area has a very small portion of the revenue and considering the research network they have, it would be interesting if the focused their efforts to create a new anti-aging product at affordable price and distributed through their channels to reach a bigger population. LOreal being the world leader of the beauty industry could diversify trying to enter new markets such like the clothing taking advantage of their well known name as they already have a strong influence over the new trends of fashion in terms of make up, hair and skin care. 1.5 THREATS. In relation to the threats and challenges, even that LOreal is the market world leader; there are some competitors in the industry and competitors for every single product division of LOreal (consumer professional luxury), competitors like Estee Lauder, Proctor Gamble, Revlon, and Max Factor, specially for the Japan market, which is the market that LOreal is aiming to control. LOreal is the world leader in the industry, however their competitors have been able to strategic place some of their products in the actual market, reason why LOreal is considering acquiring an other brand (Nivea) so that they can gain a better position in the European market. 1.6 SWOT MATRIX STRENGTHS * The ability to acquire new brands and transform then into new market leaders WEAKNESSES * Lack of diversity on their product catalogue OPPORTUNITIES * As they have all the knowledge and capacity they are able to explode new markets such like the African market THREATS * Some other competitors in the industry that currently are stronger in some other segments of the market like in Asia Now that the SWOT analysis has been done, its clear that the reason of success of LOreal is the focus they have implemented on their strategies, as they have been able to identify internal and external influences that gives them a competitive advantage over the rest of the competitors in the industry, as they know exactly where do they want to be, how are the going to achieve their goals, and what is the best way to get to that desire success. Profit margins are easily destroyed when companies focus on internal issues versus the external conditions that affect customers. Revenue comes from the outside, from customers buying products or services, not from implementing new technology, re-engineering business processes or building great teams. Focusing on external forces increases the bottom line. In fact, by shifting to an external focus, companies can often increase profits from 5 to 10 percent. An external focus, however, means more than just gathering competitive and market intelligence. It takes more than empty customer-centred rhetoric. It starts with the CEO and requires core behaviours to focus on where the money comes from.[7] 2. GLOBALIZATION. The second part of this report will be analyzing the following topics: * The impact of globalization in the organization. * How does it affect their policies and decision making, * How effective has LOreal been according to this new situation. 2.1 CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION As stated in Time International (1999), globalization means that countries, economies, companies or people in general are coming closer together. This is not because they are forced to do so, but because they want to do so. In fact they want so much to come closer to others that they cannot help themselves. As worldwide communications get better, information, technology, people and financial flows move faster. The cultural assumptions and premises of democracy and free markets spread and become more readily accepted. This very attractive and almost irresistible globalization process becomes more widespread[8]. Friedman (2000) states that the driving force behind globalization is free market capitalism, which uses free trade and competition to create virtual rulers of the world markets. These very powerful capitalists make economies to increase and be efficient. With the opening up of world markets, globalization has become a major force shaping both management theory and practice. Forces of globalization have been accelerating and, as such, are shaping policies and behaviours of nation states as well as corporate entities all over the world.[9] 2.2 How did LOreal become the biggest beauty company? The acquisition strategy implemented by LOreal guide them to be the world leader company in the beauty industry; all these US acquisition they made created a sub division within their products catalogue, consumer, professional, and luxury, LOreals success is a clear example of how to implement a corporate strategy and manage a brand internationally to achieve a massive growth even when the market they sell their products in isnt very steady, the key was to understand and successfully satisfy the needs of every customer through its products like they did with the Wet Lipstick in Japan, or the Research and Development process they carry out to satisfy the afro-American customer needs. LOreal has the capacity to reach more people across the world than any other beauty company thanks to their distribution channels and also is able to generate a bigger income rather than other companies due to their big products catalogue. 2.3 The Acquisition process. As stated in the case, the success of LOreal was achieved thanks to all the acquisitions made through out the world and especially in the US, all the process began by acquiring Ralph Lauren, and Helena Rubinstein which was a cosmetic maker with international distribution, after five years of negotiating process LOreal took full ownership of both companies. The next acquisition of the company was Redken in 1994 however the new products launched under LOreals ownership werent successful so they decide to rename the company to Redken 5th Avenue NY. Following their process the next company to be acquired was Maybelline which was the third largest company completely based in the US and it was very attractive due to their anti-aging line that was very eye-catching to young population, in the market this is very representative for LOreal as this will bring a new image to the company renewing the old French fashion, turning it into a fresh young image. Soft Sheen and Carson was a key element in the acquisition process as they brought a whole new market to the company that hasnt been taken care of because the current competitors didnt realize that that segment of the population may be interested in this sort of products, and in addition LOreal invested 3% of their revenues in research and development to create a new product specially for them. In the 2000 LOreal bought Matrix focusing on their professional line supplying the need of hairdressers and beauty saloons with a high quality standart. The most important acquisition made by LOreal was made in the 2000, they bought Kielhs after a three year countership, the owners finally agreed to sell their company after they realize that they couldnt meet the demand, however some of the employees werent very happy about the new acquisition as they thought that the company wont have any independence left after LOreals take over, this new acquisition was very important for the company as Kielhs could bring a better position related to the store high-end segment of the business. 2.4 WHAT WAS THE ROLE OF ACQUISITIONS IN THIS GROWTH? The prospect of increasing profitability and market share by acquisitions continues to exercise a more seductive and immediate appeal to business leaders than a reliance on growth alone. There has always been a substratum of mergers, acquisitions and, indeed, divestments in all developed economies. However, the extent of this depends on the buoyancy of the economy. The periodic rise and fall of such activity has heightened debate among managers, academics, politicians, and regulators about acquisition activity and their benefits, as well as ethical considerations (Vinten, 1992). Mergers and acquisitions (MA) have a unique potential to transform firms, and to contribute to corporate renewal (Angwin, 2001). They can help a firm renew its market position at a speed not achievable through internal development (Haspeslagh and Jemison, 1991; Harrison, 2002). [10] Value creation is the important objective in successful acquisitions. Yet, empirical and other studies continue to highlight the low success rates associated with acquisitions. No matter how attractive is the business opportunity associated with an acquisition process, value is not created until capabilities are transferred, and people from both organisations collaborate in order to create the expected benefits and the unpredicted opportunities. This collaboration relies on the will and ability of managers from both organisations to work together towards a new future. The key to integration is to obtain the participation of the people involved without compromising the strategic task. Finding similar organisational cultures and management styles has become a common panacea for avoiding employee dissatisfaction that could undermine MA performance. Different authors agree that it is important to consider cultural compatibility as a criterion for screening potential candidates for MA. On the other hand, managing the cultural differences has been proved as a more realistic and successful strategy in integration processes than finding the ideal culture fit. Buono and Bowditch consider that successful integration can be achieved even between diversified organisational cultures. This viewpoint is adopted in this exploratory study. It examines the strategies being used by executives that encourage employees diversity tolerance while allowing for learning to occur within parent and acquired firm. It looks at the strategies the firms implemented to facilitate the units to work together, and integrative practices involving firms within the same industry but from different countries and contrasting corporate values. In bringing together firms with different skills and knowledge bases, acquisitions create unique learning opportunities for the partner firms. As recently argued by management researchers, knowledge and the capacity to create, transfer, transform and utilise it are the most important sources of a firms sustainable competitive advantage[11]. Acquisitions have played a very important role in LOreals growth, particularly in their expansion through out the world, the more companies the acquire the bigger LOreal was getting as well as their profit, in 1996 they bought Maybelline for $758 million dollars and began a complete restructuration of the brand, starting from moving the headquarters within the USA. With all the restructuration LOreals CEO Owen Jones successfully achieved to reach from 3% to 15% on the nail market, they have also raise their sales in nearly a 100% and positioned Maybelline in over 70 countries. Globalization has had a very positive impact over LOreal as due to this they had the need to reorganize their company making some sort of decisions like relocating their headquarter for the USA operations in Chicago so that they can have control of all the operations taking place in America in a central place where they can keep track of all their progress, this has also brought another issue related to globalization which is the technology, LOreal has invested 3% of their revenue in developing new products where the average of investment in this field in the industry is around 2%, technology has also brought new channels of communication where they can easily be in touch within the company and also they have been able to use cost-efficient distribution channels thanks to their acquisition of Soft sheen-Carson as they had developed cheap delivery systems. 2.5 LOREAL EFFECTIVENESS LOreal has been going through a massive change since their beginning as they started their business creating a synthetic hair-color product to be sold in France and probably around Europe, the response of the people to the product was so good that the company decided to enter the beauty market, diversifying their product catalogue not only to hair care but to skin care as well, with the result of being the market leader. However the effectiveness of the company is not very clear at this stage as the product by itself cant guarantee the success of the company, instead of that, a good strategic management along with a visionary CEO can bring a major strength to the organization and will build confidence within the company to achieve their goals as they stated at the beginning, well, this is the case we are analyzing, as previously stated, CEO Owen Jones had the vision to expand the boundaries of the company by acquiring strategic partners that can contribute to a massive growth for LOr eal, his leadership enables him to see and opportunity of expansion taking advantage of the globalization boom and his vision of opportunities where the competitors didnt see anything was a key to succeed in some parts of the world, LOreal was bright enough to understand that the needs or likes of the people in America were not the same as the people in Asia or in Africa reason why they decided to create products for every single market and this gave them the opportunity to be the world leaders in the market. After all this facts it is clear that LOreal has had a very effective response to the new changing environment as they are prepared to adapt to new situations and is a company willing to deal with organizational change, this is a enormous benefit for the company as they can easily gain competitive advantage at a low cost of opportunity. 2.6 IMPROVEMENT AREAS. LOreal is the world leader company in the beauty industry thanks to their brilliant management and their products; however there is always a little extra that can be done to reach that additional little piece of the market. In my point of view I would suggest that the company hire an Asian Marketing Manager hopefully with a strong Japanese background in order to be able to completely take over this market as this market has a huge potential which was proved with the Wet Lipstick, perhaps if they invest some part of their revenue in research and development as the did with the African market, they might get a very good response as all the markets should be kept in mind as a big opportunity. LOreal could also consider expanding to the Latin American market and specially the South American, now that they control the US market (North America), they can implement their expansion strategy to take over central and south America which is a market that havent been explode yet or not as much as they could. LOreal could implement the same strategy implemented by Dell in Brazil, as they decided to relocate their plant in South America (Brazil) in order to manage all the market from there, taking advantage of the Mercosul market which enables the company to save on taxes within the continent. And finally LOreal should consider to extent their products catalogue to clothing and accessories as this may give them a competitive advantage over the rest of the companies in the same industry, it is very important to try to be always one step ahead of the company and be visionary in order to predict what the market wants and how to supply that demand. 2.7 CONCLUSION. After analyzing this case it is clear how important is to have a good strategic management and understand how the environment can affect every organization from the most insignificant change to any huge change that may involve any of the decisions of the company, its understandable that the vision of the CEO of the company can bring success to the organization and build a good know how that will enable the company to enter new markets. 2.8 REFERENCES. [1] Westwood, John. How to Write a Marketing Plan (3rd Edition).London, GBR: Kogan Page, Limited, 2006. p 27. [2] LOreal and the globalization of American beauty, Page 5. [3] LOreal and the globalization of American beauty, Page 15. [4] LOreal and the globalization of American beauty, Page 9. [5] LOreal and the globalization of American beauty, Page 2. [6] LOreal and the globalization of American beauty, Page 9. [7] Emerald Insight Staff (CB). Change Strategies.Bradford, GBR: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2004. p 4. [8] Samli, A. Coskun. In Search of an Equitable, Sustainable Globalization: The Bittersweet Dilemma. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 2002. p 21. [9] Samli, A. Coskun. In Search of an Equitable, Sustainable Globalization: The Bittersweet Dilemma. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 2002. p 34. [10] Emerald Insight Staff (CB). Mergers and Acquisitions. Bradford, , GBR: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2005. p 4. [11] Emerald Insight Staff (CB). Mergers and Acquisitions. Bradford, , GBR: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2005. p 5.